Diaper rash, also known as diaper dermatitis, is a common skin irritation in infants and toddlers caused by prolonged contact with moisture, friction, and irritants in a diaper. It typically presents as red, inflamed skin on the buttocks, thighs, and genital area.

What Causes Diaper Rash?

The primary causes of diaper rash include:

1. Prolonged exposure to urine and stool
   • Moisture breaks down the skin barrier, causing irritation.
2. Friction
   • Tight-fitting diapers can rub against the skin, leading to chafing and redness.
3. Irritants
   • Baby wipes, soaps, detergents, and diaper creams can irritate sensitive skin.
4. Yeast infection (Candida)
   • A persistent diaper rash may be due to a fungal infection.
   • Candida thrives in warm, moist environments and can develop if the rash lasts more than a few days.
5. Bacterial infection
   • Severe cases may involve Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus bacteria, causing yellow crusts, pustules, or sores.
6. Diet changes
   • Introducing solid foods or changes in breastfeeding diets can affect stool composition, leading to irritation.

Signs and Symptoms of Diaper Rash

• Red, inflamed skin in the diaper area.
• Dry or peeling skin.
• Patches of raised bumps or blisters.
• Crying or discomfort during diaper changes.
• Skin folds may be spared unless there’s a yeast infection.

Types of Diaper Rash

1. Irritant Diaper Dermatitis
   • Most common type.
   • Caused by prolonged moisture exposure.
2. Yeast (Candida) Diaper Rash
   • Bright red rash with defined edges and satellite lesions (small red spots near the main rash).
   • May occur after antibiotic use.
3. Allergic Reaction
   • Reaction to wipes, creams, or diaper materials.
   • Appears as a red, itchy rash.

How Can Diaper Rash Be Treated?

1. Frequent Diaper Changes
   • Change diapers frequently to keep the area dry and clean.
   • Aim to change every 2-3 hours or immediately after soiling.
2. Allow Air Exposure
   • Let the baby go diaper-free for short periods to allow the skin to breathe.
   • Place a towel or waterproof pad under the baby.
3. Gentle Cleansing
   • Use plain water and a soft cloth to clean the diaper area.
   • Avoid fragranced wipes and opt for hypoallergenic wipes.
4. Barrier Creams
   • Apply a thick layer of barrier cream to protect the skin.
   • Zinc oxide and petroleum jelly are common ingredients.
   • Examples: Desitin, Aquaphor, Vaseline.
5. Antifungal Creams (for Yeast Infections)
   • If a yeast infection is suspected, use antifungal creams like clotrimazole or miconazole.
   • Consult a pediatrician before starting these treatments.
6. Antibiotic Creams (for Bacterial Infections)
   • If there are pustules, yellow crusting, or oozing sores, it may indicate a bacterial infection.
   • A doctor may prescribe topical or oral antibiotics.

Preventing Diaper Rash

1. Change diapers promptly.
2. Use absorbent diapers to keep moisture away from the skin.
3. Apply a barrier cream with each diaper change.
4. Avoid harsh soaps and wipes.
5. Allow air time for the baby’s skin to breathe.
6. Monitor for signs of yeast or bacterial infection.

When to See a Doctor

Consult a pediatrician if:

• The rash does not improve after 3 days of home care.
• The rash has blisters, open sores, or pus.
• The baby develops a fever.
• The rash is painful or spreading.
• There are red, shiny patches in the folds of the skin, which may indicate a yeast infection.